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that isn't in anyway acceptable reason in a totally abstract armor system.
First that wasn't the whole quote and I did not end that as a statement but a question. Please don't add punctuation to my posts. Second, how can anyone argue an acceptable reason in a "totally abstract armor system" based on the concepts of density, mass, minaturization, and even base materials that don't necessarily exist in our real world examples. The game only has to make sense to the point of suspension of disbelief. A threshold that is different for everyone granted, but not a finite line that can be measured in ratio's by comparing capacity of partial to full cyberlimbs. It wouldn't be a penalty if you reduced the capacity and cost, you'd just be buying half the armor.
I can play too. Why does vision magnification take 2 capacity and microscopic vision takes 3 when installed in cybereyes?? What is the weight displacement for an unarmored versus an armored vehicle, and shouldn't that extra mass slow acceleration without further engine modification? If you add armoring to a nautical vessel that wasn't designed with the armor in mind, would it sink or do you assume the additional armor cost/design takes this into account during the installation process?
So regarding cyberlimbs, let's try a different approach. The armor mod costs the same per rating and the same capacity regardless and the actual armor of the hand isn't really halved. If I took a gun and shot you at point blank in the armored hand, you'd get the full benefit of the full armor (or more feasibly if I did a called shot to that specific hand). The armor is halved because in a combat system where it isn't as important to know where as much as it is to know if, the armor rating on a smaller surface area has less chance to intercede and provide a direct benefit overall.
I'm not saying I don't see the point, I'm saying at some level you have to consider game balance and it is unreasonable to assume that if I armor my hand it's just as effective as armoring my whole arm.
The hand doesn't get thicker armor that's more easily penetrated, the hand gets the same armor that factors into the greater scheme of defense less than it would if that same armor covered more surface area.
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Your supposition is that the armor is the same thickness over the entire limb, but this would mean that the ratio of capacity used to capacity available should stay the same, rather than the capacity used remaining constant. This puts armor 4 taking up 12 capacity in a full cyberarm based on the amount of capacity it needs in a lower arm, or only 5.3 capacity in the lower arm. Taken to its full logical conclusion, this would mean that Armor 2 would use the full capacity of either as it uses the entire capacity provided by a cyberhand
Uh no, you don't reduce the ratio capacity of other implants that must be smaller to fit in a hand than an arm based on the decrease of capacity available to the partial limb, why should armor be any different? Capacity is a set limit that inherently dictates what will fit and what won't.
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Bob again changes his mind and goes with the full cyberlimb, adding a biomonitor and internal air tank to protect against further such events. This last change - despite adding no additional armor to the limb that was being designed for him - doubles its protective value. Bob's bicep with no armor does just as much to protect him from getting shot as the lower arm that has nothing but armor - and the basic parts needed for movement.
You don't piecemeal the arm together like that. Bob would first get his hand, then he'd get the lower arm as it's own, he doesn't keep the hand and then add the forearm, he gets the hand replaced with the forearm and the hand as one unit (thus the increased total capacity). When he goes for the arm, he has to get the whole arm replaced, the armor is added to the entire surface area and due to it's greater ability to interpose it factors more into the overall scheme so he now gets the full benefit.