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Thanos007
And where do they come from?

Thank you for your support!

Thanos
Kagetenshi
I believe they're essentially large rocks dropped from orbit a la The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, but I can't confirm that.

~J
Sepherim
AFAIK, they're more like lasers, shot from low orbit, capable of destroying the biggest buildings. Possibly, many of the sattelites out there should be capable of using them, but a Cold-war situation around them would keep people from doing it.

Still, I gather most of that by what I hear around here, so I'm not nearly sure abour it.
Kanada Ten
According to Target: Wastelands they space garbage launched from Earth orbit platforms towards the surface. They achieve high speeds and create nuclear sized blasts without the radiation. It has been mentioned (by Cary74?) that garbage was a stupid idea, but the rest is sound, IIRC
mfb
the first mention of thor shots that i'm aware of is in House of the Sun, by Nigel Findley. he describes them as large (don't remember how big, maybe bus-sized?) bars of metal orbiting earth in the opposite direction of the earth's rotation, with radio-controlled attitude rockets taped on. when the rockets recieve a certain signal, they fire, tipping the block of metal out of orbit and sending it crashing to earth. this is done with precision, so that it impacts right where the controller wishes it to impact. the energy of the impact is immense.
Kanada Ten
Taken from Some Rail Gun Issues
QUOTE
Cray74
Yeah, they do...but actual rock (or the just silly "balls of garbage" described in T:WL) is a poor choice for orbital bombardment. Plain silicate rocks smaller than a hundred meters or so in diameter just don't survive re-entry, not intact. They fracture and break-up.

Metals are a good choice. Iron's a good, cheap, common material for lunar mass drivers to sling at Earth. A large slug (10+ tons) of solid aluminum would work, if you're willing to accept some mass loss.

If you're talking proper, purpose-built orbital bombardment weapons (a real Thor), you just need to get fancy with ceramic or ablative heat shields, careful aerodynamics, etc.
Everfast
I believe they are very powerful alcoholic beverages, served in tiny glasses.

They are imported from Scandinavia.
Crimson Jack
They also appear in Scandinavian porn BTL's. wink.gif
Hemlok
Those troll Scandinavian women can get pretty nasty after one or two...
Cray74
QUOTE (Kanada Ten)
According to Target: Wastelands they space garbage launched from Earth orbit platforms towards the surface. They achieve high speeds and create nuclear sized blasts without the radiation. It has been mentioned (by Cary74?) that garbage was a stupid idea, but the rest is sound, IIRC

Yes, I have mentioned that. Space garbage has a poor record of hitting the ground intact, let alone in a dangerous format.

The classical "Thor Shot" is a purpose-built kinetic weapon dropped from orbit, akin to a modern tank's "long rod penetrators," but larger. The "steel telephone pole from orbit."

Thor shots have nothing to do with lasers. Lasers are a separate and fascinating form of orbital bomardment from Thor Shots.
Fresno Bob
I read something in Popular Mechanics about something like this. They said it would use Tungsten rods. But they also said it wouldn't be very effective, because what if you have to hit something on the other side of Earth?
Eismann
Hi

Hm... pressed space garbage should make the deal. Just take metal garbage like used rocket elements, press it to a block, put a small rocket with a receiver at the right end and maybe put some old ceramic plates at the other and your thor-toy is ready to go.
mfb
simple, vorhees. you just make sure you've got lots and lots of thor shots in orbit.
Ol' Scratch
QUOTE (Voorhees)
I read something in Popular Mechanics about something like this. They said it would use Tungsten rods. But they also said it wouldn't be very effective, because what if you have to hit something on the other side of Earth?

Even with just one, it doesn't take that long to move around the Earth from orbit. The International Space Station does it every 90 minutes or so, and it's not even trying to move into a specific position as quickly as it can.
Sandoval Smith
I suppose you can make the actual delivery method be whatever you want, but the base idea is you take something with a large mass, accelerate towards the Earth by whatever means you prefer, and then let the wonders of kinetic energy do the rest.

In theory, given that a lot of space garbage would be metallic detrius, using compacted chunks of it as the projectile isn't that bad of an idea. You don't have to worry about the costs of flying large hunks of metal up from the ground, and its generally renewable.
Fresno Bob
Truedat. Come to think of it, that article might have been in Maxim. Not really sure, though. Some magazine at the barbershop.
Cray74
QUOTE (Voorhees)
I read something in Popular Mechanics about something like this. They said it would use Tungsten rods. But they also said it wouldn't be very effective, because what if you have to hit something on the other side of Earth?

Then you either have multiple Thor platforms in orbit, or just wait until one Thor platform moves into a better position.

QUOTE
In theory, given that a lot of space garbage would be metallic detrius, using compacted chunks of it as the projectile isn't that bad of an idea. You don't have to worry about the costs of flying large hunks of metal up from the ground, and its generally renewable.


In theory, maybe. In practice, space crap is low density, often low melting point metals (aluminum). Even with ceramic frontal plates, you'd have a projectile with poor ballistic characteristics and a tendancy to decelerate rapidly.

The advantages of purpose-built Thor shots (tungsten, cheap steel with a carbon nose cap, etc.) are:

*Superior structural strength. A properly shaped Thor shot may encounter 100Gs and more when it gets into the lower atmosphere.

*Superior strength at high temperatures. Sure, some space crap has high temperature resistance, but that's either in small quantities (rhenium in radiatively cooled attitude thrusters) or something that doesn't lend itself to compacting (graphite heat shields). A ceramic nose cap isn't necessarily enough and is probably about as expensive as a purpose-built Thor shot.

*Superior ballistic shaping. You can make dense metals (iron, tungsten) into an ideal "long rod penetrator" and not worry about their strength or temperature tolerance while dropping through the atmosphere. Compacted space garbage is not going to crunch into such a narrow, long dart, not if you need to protect it from re-entry heat and avoid it buckling during re-entry decelerations.

*Superior performance. A low density wad of garbage is going to hit the ground at a low speed, thanks to its high deceleration. It's not going to be shaped to penetrate deeply to hit buried bunkers. A purpose-made, dense Thor shot is going to keep most of its velocity right up until impact, and it's going to reach very deep bunkers.
DrJest
Use of Thor shots in fiction includes the 12th and last issue of Global Frequency, a comic written by Warren Ellis. As far as I know, Cray74 is correct; the typical Thor satellite is a bundle of long metal rods with steering vanes that deliver a nuclear-scale impact detonation to the target without the commensurate radiation issues. The wave of the future, god help us all.
Cray74
QUOTE (DrJest)
Use of Thor shots in fiction includes the 12th and last issue of Global Frequency, a comic written by Warren Ellis. As far as I know, Cray74 is correct; the typical Thor satellite is a bundle of long metal rods with steering vanes that deliver a nuclear-scale impact detonation to the target without the commensurate radiation issues. The wave of the future, god help us all.

A 1ft diameter, 20ft long bar of tungsten is 8185 kilograms (call it 8 tons). Assuming it keeps full orbit velocity (7800m/s) up to impact (not likely), the energy release will be equivalent to about 60 tons of TNT. I'd expect more like 5-25 tons of TNT, depending on how much drag slowed the Thor shot. Most of the braking would be in the last 5 miles of atmosphere (targets on mountain tops: beware).

The energy release would not quite be in the same format as TNT. The Thor Shot would need to hit something massive and thick (ground, water) to generate a significant blast. Coring an aircraft carrier from deck to keel would probably only generate minor blast effects (typical conventional bomb yields) at each deck or object hit; the bigger bang would occur when the remaining Thor Shot reached the water, or something really big and solid in the carrier (the reactor or really thick plating).

Basically, buildings and large ships victimized by such a Thor shot would experience something like a super-sized APFSDS (sabot) round. To generate an explosion, the Thor shot would need to hit something massive and compact enough to scatter, like water or ground.

Note that to scale up a Thor shot has limited benefits. The impact energy scales roughly linearly with the mass. (Since mass grows more rapidly than area, a heavier Thor shot will retain more velocity deeper into the atmosphere.) If you can speed up a Thor shot, the energy does scale with the square of velocity. Double impact velocity, quadruple energy release. A Thor shot fired from the moon and coasting on a minimum-energy flight to Earth would reach the atmosphere (after a 3-day flight) at 1.414x the speed of a low orbital Thor shot, delivering roughly twice the impact energy.
Cray74
And my pet theory on why Shadowrun's Thor shots are described as bundles of garbage: it's megacorp misinformation. Megacorps want nations (and other megacorps) to think they're using improvised weapons in orbit, not real bunker-busting, carrier-sinking purpose-built Thor shots. That would be, like, the militarization of space, and bad PR.
Sepherim
And a return to a Cold-War situation in certain ways (though with a Corporate Court in the middle) due to them having weapons that can hit every point in the world, and destroy it to it's base. Not nice.

In any case, I must say I don't like the idea of Thor shots flying around in space. What keeps them from busting Damien Knight? Or the Orange Queen? Obviously, busting a dragon ain't that easy, and the repercusions of ousting Knight would be dead serious to the corp to do it, but they can do it. And it wouldn't be nice to know that Lofwyr died because a refrigerator hit his head after having been launched from low-orbit. Not cool at all. eek.gif
Kagetenshi
What stopped nukes from getting launched in the Cold War? There’s no way to launch a Thor Shot without people knowing who launched it and retaliating.

~J
Cray74
QUOTE (Kagetenshi)
What stopped nukes from getting launched in the Cold War? There’s no way to launch a Thor Shot without people knowing who launched it and retaliating.

That just about sums it up.
BitBasher
Especially since, by canon, IIRC theres only two groups on earth that are capable of Thor shots... SK and Ares.
Birdy
Some nice descriptions of Thor shots (and "orbital rocks") are in:

"Footfall" (The Aliens use "orbital crowbars" on the US tanks)[1]

"Future Wars" has a short story on the tactical use of the stuff

"Cyberpunks Firestorm" has the "Crazy Harry" bombardment satellite

One of the Dale Brown Novells (The one with the Spratley Conflict) has the use of a NirtSat as an improvised Thor

And from the master himself:

http://www.jerrypournelle.com/slowchange/mega.html


Birdy



[1] Has anyone identified all the "Alien Specialists" (aka SciFi Authors) they gather?
MYST1C
"Thor Shot" vs Predator
biggrin.gif
Kagetenshi
QUOTE (Birdy)
And from the master himself:

http://www.jerrypournelle.com/slowchange/mega.html

Excuse me? I think you mean Heinlein, not Pournelle.

~J
simonw2000
Not going to argue with that! biggrin.gif
Birdy
QUOTE (Kagetenshi)
QUOTE (Birdy @ Nov 2 2004, 01:55 PM)
And from the master himself:

http://www.jerrypournelle.com/slowchange/mega.html

Excuse me? I think you mean Heinlein, not Pournelle.

~J

Nope, the article is on Pournelles website and he is behind Thor. Heinlein used Rocks from a lunar catapult.

Besides, I strongly dislike Heinlein and the attitude/world view in his novels. "Starship-Troopers" ended in the fire and "Number of the beast" or "Lazarus Long" in the "Donation bin" of the local library.

Birdy
Sandoval Smith
Thread drift.

I never did finish reading Number of the Beast. I got fed up and quit when the dimension hoppers ended up in Oz (I wish I meant Australia) and met Glenda the Good Witch. I hear that Heinlien was under heavy medication at the time. It shows.

Anyway, as for Thor shots, whatever the method, put them on the top of my list for 'Things I don't want to be standing under."
Fortune
Listed just above 'Lofwyr taking a dump'. wink.gif
Kagetenshi
QUOTE (Birdy)
Nope, the article is on Pournelles website and he is behind Thor. Heinlein used Rocks from a lunar catapult.

I realize that, but I was and still am disputing your labeling of Pournelle as "the master".

~J
Birdy
QUOTE (Kagetenshi)
QUOTE (Birdy @ Nov 3 2004, 09:58 AM)
Nope, the article is on Pournelles website and he is behind Thor. Heinlein used Rocks from a lunar catapult.

I realize that, but I was and still am disputing your labeling of Pournelle as "the master".

~J

Ah come on, Heinleins Soldiers are Wimps. Anyone can fight in a tin can. Now the 42nd and the Legion, those are Real Man ™! And don't forget Saurons! You got to hate them.

Granted, the "Starship Troopers" movie was nice. Whould have been better with Denise Richards taking a shower but still...


Birdy

mfb
i'm not sure 'nice' is the word i'd use to describe the movie. 'fun', okay, 'campy, but in a good way', sure. not 'nice', though, and certainly not 'a viable adaption of heinlein's novel'.

roughneck chronicles, on the other hand...
Runner Smurf
Thor Shots first appeared - if I am not mistaken - in FASA's Renegade Legion series of minitaures games. It's a good name, but I like the slang thrown around in the military these days: "Rod from God" Big tungsten rod, dropped from orbit.

A couple of issues:
1. Flight time. Presumably these are coming from Low Earth Orbit, but your flight time is still going to be several minutes from the fire request. At pure free-fall from 300 kilometers out, it's around 250 seconds. Geo-synch is even worse, at 45 minutes. You can assume an initial booster stage as well, but it probably wouldn't be that big because the whole point is mass, and burning propellent drops your mass.
2. Guidance. At impact from LEo, you are going to be going around 2 km/sec. This is really fast. Bullet fast. Steering is going to be awfully tricky. Hitting a widely moving target is possible, but the expense of such a system hardly justifies bothering. GEO is of course a lot worse (25+ km/sec).

In combination, the expense of adding a guidance system and flight time means that thor shots are not practical against moving targets, but awfully effective against fixed implacements (and maybe naval vessels).

As for the damage of the impact, it's kind of hard to say. You have an awful lot of kinetic energy impacting a small area. An educated guess: On contact with anything more substantial than air, the rod shatters into numerous high-velocity shards with some plasma thrown into the mix. All of this will still be moving down at an obscene speed - the damage pattern would be that of a slowly expanding cone. Upon impacting bedrock, the fragments would further atomize, and the plasma wave would reflect, losing a massive amount of energy, but still pretty impressive. This would geyser back up the descent path, carrying a bunch of (atomized) rock with it. The end result is much like any other crater, but much narrower and deeper.

The practical result of all this is that a Thor shot is really good against buildings (skyscrapers are screwed a la Independence Day), and underground facilities. No amount of armor is going to help you, and you are going to be really deep underground to be safe. Interceptors are of no help, as even if you manage to hit it in flight, you are still left with a bunch of hypersonic fragments moving roughly where they were going before you it. Laser interceptors simply wouldn't be able to put enough energy into the rod to atomize it fast enough.

There are some other problems with such a system: tracking the rod's origin is easy, so any launcher is not going to last long once it has fired. And the rod is in no way stealthy - everybody is going to know who fired it at what. Not well suited to quiet corporate shadow wars.

Anyway, just my thoughts on the matter. Had this come up in a game once, and had to do a fair amount of thinking about it.

- Runner Smurf
Critias
I Hand of God!
mfb
the thor shots are not, i believe, in geosynchronous orbit. unless i'm mistaken, they're actually in an orbit counter to the earth's rotation, meaning (unless there's something about re-entry i'm unaware of) they'd add the speed of the earth's rotation to their imact energy.
Lantzer
Also, I don't think Thor munitions were ever really supposed to be used singly. I always had the impression that they were supposed to be used in disposable 1-shot 'packs'.

So you call for a strike, and a minute later, the target area is pummeled by a flock of these things. Metal rain, in effect. Not exactly a precision munition.
mfb
unless i misremember, the instances in SR when thor shots have been used, it's been a single, precise hit.
RedmondLarry
You get a more precise hit if you Call the Thor Shot, or Aim First and then Call it.

You get more damage if you dikote the shot.

And though it's called a "Shot", it does not have a "spread" like normal Shot Ammo, unless the rock fragments due to heat upon reentry. If so, treat it as having a Choke of 10. For every 10m of fall, from 10,000 meters on down, the area of affect becomes 1 meter wider and the power drops by one. Even with a reduction in power of 1000, and counting impact (actually only 'heavy impact' armor should apply to a Thor Shot, but it has not been corrected by ShadowFaq yet) characters still need to resist damage with a base power of 2. If the rock fragments at 10,000 meters, then the TN for the shot is at -1000. Karma pool can be used, as normal, by the person who pushes the button. People that are hit get one additional die for their body roll for each person between them and the point of fragmentation. Dodge target numbers are increased by +1 due to the area affect of the fragmented shot. No penalty to the dodge number if the Thor Shot does not fragment, unless a burst or Full-Auto Thor shots are done. For each 3 shots in the Thor Burst or Full-Auto Burst, the target has a +1 penalty to his/her Dodge Test. Wound modifiers do apply to the Dodge Test. If the target gets more successes on the Dodge Test than the guy who pushes the button, the result is a clean miss. wink.gif
Ol' Scratch
Don't forget Range Finders.
Jason Farlander
If you Attune the Thor Weapon platform, can you get a -1TN to hit with it?.
mfb
stop. just stop, for the sake of the children.
Cray74
QUOTE (Runner Smurf)
Thor Shots first appeared - if I am not mistaken - in FASA's Renegade Legion series of minitaures games.

Orbital bombardment weapons referred to as "Thor" were used in the 1985 Niven/Pournelle novel Footfall, which was inspired by (I think) SDI. Renegade Legion post-dated both of those.

QUOTE
2.  Guidance.  At impact from LEo, you are going to be going around 2 km/sec.


You think it'll lose 6km/s going from LEO (7.8km/s) to the ground?

QUOTE
In combination, the expense of adding a guidance system and flight time means that thor shots are not practical against moving targets, but awfully effective against fixed implacements (and maybe naval vessels).


I'll disagree there. Guidance for hypervelocity projectiles exists now in the 1-2km/s range. For example, the new Starstreak missile travels at about 1.2km/s and delivers 3 guided penetrators to a target. The LOSAT missile is another guided hypervelocity missile moving at about 1.5km/s.

Further, in clear space, anti-missile interceptors deal with interception velocities of over 10km/s. They aren't dealing with it well yet, but the US is pumping enough money into the effort that at least some guidance at those speeds is probably going to result.

Of course, trying to see anything through a 7.8km/s re-entry plasma cocoon would be kind of a challenge. I figure inertial guidance would be the name of the game for Thor shots.

QUOTE
An educated guess: On contact with anything more substantial than air, the rod shatters into numerous high-velocity shards with some plasma thrown into the mix.


I don't think it'll shatter. At impact velocities of 5km/s and higher, the impactor is moving faster than the speed of sound in most solid materials. Cracks won't have time to propagate through the penetrator before the impact is complete.

Consider that the real life simulation methods for kinetic penetrators use hydrodynamic codes: the material is treated as a flowing liquid. (Which is one reason for the interest in DU, which self-sharpens in those hypervelocity impact regimes.)

Yep, here's some:
http://www.llnl.gov/planetary/pdfs/Experim...05-Tedeschi.pdf

"The response of such materials to hypervelocity impact spans a wide range of material behavior, ranging from high impact temperatures and pressures, where hydrodynamic motion and thermodynamic effects predominate, to the low pressure regions where the mechanical properties dominate the process."

At 2-25km/s, you're going to see "hydrodynamic motion and thermodynamic effects predominate."

QUOTE
All of this will still be moving down at an obscene speed - the damage pattern would be that of a slowly expanding cone.    Upon impacting bedrock, the fragments would further atomize, and the plasma wave would reflect, losing a massive amount of energy, but still pretty impressive.  This would geyser back up the descent path, carrying a bunch of (atomized) rock with it.  The end result is much like any other crater, but much narrower and deeper.


Yep. Nice graphic.

QUOTE
Laser interceptors simply wouldn't be able to put enough energy into the rod to atomize it fast enough.


They could, however, deflect it by ablation and/or kill its guidance.

Of course, if you have a cluster of Thor shots coming down, that laser either better be rapid fire, or you should have a fast getaway car. smile.gif

And now I want to go build an Aerotech-2 warship with naval gauss rifles. Drop some 25km/s tungsten lovin' on deserving targets....
Fortune
You could Anchor Enhance Aim on it before sending it up into Space. That way, when it hits the Manasphere, the spell will kick in and fine tune the aim. biggrin.gif
Jason Farlander
Problem Fortune:

Interpretation of the way the spell works aside, Anchoring foci are always active, even when they have yet to be triggered. Unless we're dealing with a force 15 focus, I doubt it would survive being active in a mana warp.

Fortune
Force 15 doesn't seem too much of a stretch for either Ares or SK. wink.gif
BitBasher
And by the way, it was mentioned in one of the books (May have been House of the Sun) That the Thor was a rod of depleted uranium that was in orbit counterrotating against the earth's orbit. This served several advantages, primarily that a thor could be brought on target much faster while counterrotating as it crosses the whole of the drop zone significantly more often that one not, and it should around double the deliverable kinetic energy.

So, Cray, what kind of energy delivery would we look at at a re-entering tungsten or depleted uranium penetrator from a counterrotating trajectory? would it look cool at night? biggrin.gif How long would the penetrator be visible before impact?
Cray74
QUOTE (BitBasher)
So, Cray, what kind of energy delivery would we look at at a re-entering tungsten or depleted uranium penetrator from a counterrotating trajectory? would it look cool at night? biggrin.gif How long would the penetrator be visible before impact?

Hmm.

LEO velocity is 7800m/s, ignoring Earth's motion.

Earth's equator is moving at 1600kph, or about 450m/s.

If the Thor shot is moving over Earth's equator, directly over it, in the same direction as the equator, the Thor shot will effectively have that 450m/s subtracted from its velocity (effectively 7350m/s)

Moving directly against Earth's spin, it will be effectively moving at 8250m/s.

Relatively speaking, a Thor shot moving with the Earth will deliver [(7350/8250)^2] = 80% as much energy as a counter-orbiting Thor shot. Rephrased, the counter-rotating Thor shot will deliver 26% more energy.

What will it look like and when will you see it...

Well, you'll see it sooner at night than during the day. At night, you might see it several hundred kilometers off (it won't be following a straight-down route, most likely) and you'll have a couple of minutes before it hits. During the day, it'll be much closer, perhaps tens of seconds away (at a wild assed guess.)

Incidentally, my preferred orbit would be a polar orbit, which would let a Thor shot pass over every inch of the Earth (eventually). This opens the widest range for its use, though there'll be more delays before it passes over a given target (hence necessitating a larger constellation).
Birdy
QUOTE (mfb)
i'm not sure 'nice' is the word i'd use to describe the movie. 'fun', okay, 'campy, but in a good way', sure. not 'nice', though, and certainly not 'a viable adaption of heinlein's novel'.


That's why it is a nice movie. I simply hate!!! the original novel

Birdy
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